Abugida

I singalesisk skrift er grunnbokstaven for ein k-lyd ක, «ka». For å skriva ki blir det lagt til ein boge over bokstaven: ක blir කි. Vil ein markera at k-lyden ikkje skal følgjast av ein vokal, legg ein til konsonantflagget: ක්.

Ein abugida er eit skrivesystem bygd opp av teikn som står for ein konsonant med ein innebygd vokallyd. Ein abugida kan til dømes ha ein «ka» i staden for k. Desse teikna kan så omformast til å ha andre vokalar eller til ikkje å ha vokalar ved hjelp av diakritiske teikn.

Namnet «abugida» er på same måte som «alfabet» avleia av dei første teikna i eit skriftsystem, i dette tilfellet etiopisk geez-skrift. Det blei føreslått som nemning av Peter T. Daniels i 1990.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Døme på abugidasysstem

Brahmiskrift har gjeve opphav til fleire abugidaer i Tibet og Sør- og Søraust-India. Ein finn også døme i semittisk etiopisk skrift og i kanadisk stavingsskrift.

Einskilddøme

Devanagari, brukt til å skriva mellom anna hindi, marathi, nepali og sanskrit
Gurmukhi, brukt til å skriva panjabi
Fidel, brukt til å skriva mellom anna geez, amharisk og tigrinja.

Kjelder

↑ Daniels, P. (1990). Fundamentals of Grammatology. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727–31. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad," [Footnote: I.e., the alif-ba-jim order familiar from earlier Semitic alphabets, from which the modern order alif-ba-ta-tha is derived by placing together the letters with similar shapes and differing numbers of dots. The abjad is the order in which numerical values are assigned to the letters (as in Hebrew).] from the Arabic word for the traditional order of its script, which (unvocalized), of course, falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."
↑ Bright, William (2000). «A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas». Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 30: 63–71. hdl:2142/9638.
↑ James Hoch (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Periods

[1] Daniels, P. (1990). Fundamentals of Grammatology. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727–31. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad," [Footnote: I.e., the alif-ba-jim order familiar from earlier Semitic alphabets, from which the modern order alif-ba-ta-tha is derived by placing together the letters with similar shapes and differing numbers of dots. The abjad is the order in which numerical values are assigned to the letters (as in Hebrew).] from the Arabic word for the traditional order of its script, which (unvocalized), of course, falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."

[Bright-2] Bright, William (2000). «A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas». Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 30: 63–71. hdl:2142/9638.

[Hoch_Semitic-3] James Hoch (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Periods

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